The human chin has been proposed as an example of a spandrel, since modern humans (Homo sapiens) are the only species with a chin, an anatomical feature with no known function.
- 1 How is the human chin a spandrel?
- 2 What is a spandrel in psychology?
- 3 What is an example of exaptation?
- 4 Is consciousness a spandrel?
- 5 What are spandrels on a house?
- 6 Are exaptations rare?
- 7 Are spandrels necessary?
- 8 Are human limbs exaptation?
- 9 How does exaptation occur?
- 10 What is the Red Queen problem?
- 11 What is evolutionary noise?
- 12 What is Epiphenomenalism dualism?
- 13 What are spandrels in evolution?
- 14 What are the main critiques of the Adaptationist Programme?
- 15 Is religion a spandrel?
- 16 What is the difference between adaptation and Exaptation?
- 17 Where are spandrels used?
- 18 Why do Homoplasious characters arise?
- 19 What is the space between arches called?
- 20 What are spandrels Mcq?
- 21 Is the Appendix an exaptation?
- 22 Is adaptation a mutation?
- 23 What is exaptation in biology?
- 24 What is example of adaptation?
- 25 What is an exaptation mastering biology?
- 26 Which statement would be true about any trait that is considered an exaptation?
- 27 What is black queen?
- 28 Is the Red Queen a movie?
- 29 What are vestigial structures?
- 30 When did adaptation start?
- 31 Why is the red queens head so big?
- 32 What are some structures that are vestigial?
- 33 Is music a spandrel?
- 34 What are the 3 main criticisms of evolutionary psychology?
- 35 What is psycho evolution?
- 36 Is evolutionary psychology possible?
- 37 Is Frank Jackson and epiphenomenalism?
- 38 Is epiphenomenalism an Interactionist dualism?
- 39 Is the mind identical to the brain?
- 40 What is the Adaptationist approach?
- 41 What is the Panglossian paradox?
- 42 What is the Adaptationist Programme according to Gould and Lewontin?
- 43 Is religion adaptive maladaptive or a spandrel?
- 44 Which is an example of inclusive fitness?
- 45 What’s an example of convergent evolution?
- 46 Are exaptations rare?
- 47 Are feathers an adaptation?
- 48 Is the evolution of flight considered an adaptation or exaptation or both?
- 49 What are spandrels Sims 4?
- 50 What is a spandrel psychology?
- 51 What is the purpose of a spandrel?
- 52 What are window spandrels?
- 53 Who invented Pendentive?
- 54 What is spandrel glass?
How is the human chin a spandrel?
According to Pampush, it could just be something called a “spandrel,” or an evolutionary byproduct left from another feature changing. In the chin’s case, it could be the result of the human face shrinking over time as our posture changed and our faces shortened, or a remnant from a period of longer jaws.
What is a spandrel in psychology?
A spandrel is a phenotypic characteristic that evolved as a side effect of a true adaptation. The term is originally from architecture, and the meaning in evolutionary biology is analogous.
What is an example of exaptation?
Exaptation is the process of adaptation of a trait for a purpose other than what the trait was evolved for. For instance, an exaptation could be the use of feathers for mating displays or flight in birds which evolved feathers originally to keep warm. An exaptation is also known as pre-adaptation.
Is consciousness a spandrel?
Instead of an adaptation, consciousness might be a spandrel (in the sense of Gould and Lewontin Reference Gould and Lewontin1979)—a by-product of some other trait that has adaptive value although consciousness itself has no adaptive value of its own (or may even be dysfunctional).
What are spandrels on a house?
In buildings of more than one story the spandrel is the area between the sill of a window and the head of the window below it. In steel or reinforced concrete structures there will sometimes be a spandrel beam extending horizontally from one column to another and supporting a section of wall.
Are exaptations rare?
Exaptations are common in both anatomy and behaviour. Interest in exaptation relates to both the process and products of evolution: the process that creates complex traits and the products (functions, anatomical structures, biochemicals, etc.) that may be imperfectly developed.
Are spandrels necessary?
The authors singled out properties like the necessary number of four spandrels and their specific three-dimensional shape. At the time, it was thought in the scientific community that everything an animal has developed that has a positive effect on that animal’s fitness was due to natural selection or some adaptation.
Are human limbs exaptation?
The order and arrangement of the bones in the four limbs of land-dwelling animals are an exaptation for walking on land, since these limbs originally evolved for navigating water; by contrast, changes to the shape of the bones and to the musculature are adaptations, Gould and Vrba wrote.
How does exaptation occur?
Exaptation is rampant in evolution. Any evolutionary process that involves co-opting a trait for a new function results in an exaptation. This means that all reasonably complex traits are likely to represent a layering of exaptations and adaptations.
What is the Red Queen problem?
The Red Queen hypothesis was coined in evolutionary biology to explain that a species must adapt and evolve not just for reproductive advantage, but also for survival because competing organisms also are evolving.
What is evolutionary noise?
The third and final product of the evolutionary process is noise, or random effects. Noise can be produced by mutations that neither contribute to nor detract from the functional design of the organism.
What is Epiphenomenalism dualism?
Because mental events are a kind of overflow that cannot cause anything physical, yet have non-physical properties, epiphenomenalism is viewed as a form of property dualism.
What are spandrels in evolution?
An evolutionary spandrel is a physical structure or behavioural characteristic that is a by-product from some other functional adaptation.
What are the main critiques of the Adaptationist Programme?
We fault the adaptationist programme for its failure to distinguish current utility from reasons for origin (male tyrannosaurs may have used their diminutive front legs to titillate female partners, but this will not explain why they got so small); for its unwillingness to consider alternatives to adaptive stories; for …
Is religion a spandrel?
Religion can be understood as a spandrel in the same way that Stephen Jay Gould claims the surface area between two adjacent arches are spandrels.
What is the difference between adaptation and Exaptation?
While adaptation refers to a feature produced by natural selection for its current function (e.g. echolocation in bats), exaptation has been defined as a feature that performs a function but was not produced by natural selection for its current use (e.g. feathers that might have originally arisen in the context of …
Where are spandrels used?
A spandrel is an architectural element. In old buildings like medieval churches or palaces, it’s the roughly triangular space between arches and the ceiling above them or between an arch’s upper curving line and its surrounding rectangular border.
Why do Homoplasious characters arise?
Often, a homoplasy will occur when two very different groups of animals evolve to do the same thing. This is known as convergent evolution, or convergence. Sometimes, a homoplasy trait is called an analogous trait.
What is the space between arches called?
A spandrel is a roughly triangular space, usually found in pairs, between the top of an arch and a rectangular frame; between the tops of two adjacent arches or one of the four spaces between a circle within a square. They are frequently filled with decorative elements.
What are spandrels Mcq?
Explanation: Spandrels are exterior beams at floor level of buildings, which carry part of floor load and exterior wall. 7. Members used in bridges parallel to traffic are called.
Is the Appendix an exaptation?
Exaptation enables us to see vestigial structures in modern species from a new perspective. Perhaps a given organ or structure has no current function today (e.g. the appendix), but through exaptation, it could one day take on a totally new and fitness-enhancing function in the future!
Is adaptation a mutation?
If the mutation has a deleterious affect on the phenotype of the offspring, the mutation is referred to as a genetic disorder. Alternately, if the mutation has a positive affect on the fitness of the offspring, it is called an adaptation.
What is exaptation in biology?
Exaptation is when some biological function takes novel advantage of another function (first devised by Gould and Vrba, 1982). For example, dinosaurs were the first creatures to have feathers but these were not used for flight, rather for control of body temperature (and possibly for sexual display).
What is example of adaptation?
An adaptation can also be behavioral, affecting the way an organism responds to its environment. An example of a structural adaptation is the way some plants have adapted to life in dry, hot deserts. Plants called succulents have adapted to this climate by storing water in their short, thick stems and leaves.
What is an exaptation mastering biology?
An Exaptation is a feature that is utilized for something other than its original role. Adaptations have functions, Exaptations have effects. You just studied 37 terms! 1/37.
Which statement would be true about any trait that is considered an exaptation?
Which statement would be true about any trait that is considered an exaptation? Individuals in a population differ from one another. Some of these differences are transmitted from parent to offspring. Individuals with certain traits are more successful than others at surviving and reproducing in their environment.
What is black queen?
The “Black Queen” refers to the “Queen of Spades” from the card game Hearts. The goal of Hearts is to end up as the player with the fewest number of points. However, the Queen of Spades is worth the same number of points as all the other cards combined.
Is the Red Queen a movie?
Way back in the dim and distant past, in a year the ancients called 2015, Elizabeth Banks was looking to follow her directorial debut on Pitch Perfect 2 with a movie adaptation of Victoria Aveyard’s book Red Queen.
What are vestigial structures?
Vestigial structures are anatomical structures of organisms in a species which are considered to have lost much or all of their original function through evolution. These structures are typically in a degenerate, atrophied, or rudimentary condition or form.
When did adaptation start?
Historically, adaptation has been described from the time of the ancient Greek philosophers such as Empedocles and Aristotle. In 18th and 19th century natural theology, adaptation was taken as evidence for the existence of a deity. Charles Darwin proposed instead that it was explained by natural selection.
Why is the red queens head so big?
From the original John Tenniel illustrations of the Duchess, she gets a massive head in proportion to her body and a retinue of frog footmen. The White Queen theorizes that the movie’s Red Queen has a tumor pressing against her brain, explaining both her large head and her deranged behaviour.
What are some structures that are vestigial?
Examples of vestigial structures include the human appendix, the pelvic bone of a snake, and the wings of flightless birds. Vestigial structures can become detrimental, but in most cases these structures are harmless; however, these structures, like any other structure, require extra energy and are at risk for disease.
Is music a spandrel?
Viewed in this manner, music is an exaptation, spandrel or evolutionary by-product of other skills. The possible adaptive function of music is one of several indispensable levels of analysis of cognitive and biological phenomena that might underlie musicality.
What are the 3 main criticisms of evolutionary psychology?
Criticisms include 1) disputes about the testability of evolutionary hypotheses, 2) alternatives to some of the cognitive assumptions (such as massive modularity) frequently employed in evolutionary psychology, 3) claimed vagueness stemming from evolutionary assumptions (e.g. uncertainty about the environment of …
What is psycho evolution?
evolutionary psychology, the study of behaviour, thought, and feeling as viewed through the lens of evolutionary biology. Evolutionary psychologists presume all human behaviours reflect the influence of physical and psychological predispositions that helped human ancestors survive and reproduce.
Is evolutionary psychology possible?
“Evolutionary psychological inferences commonly fail to satisfy reasonable epistemic criteria.” The failures are so significant that good evolutionary psychology may not be possible. So argues Subrena Smith, a philosopher at the University of New Hampshire.
Is Frank Jackson and epiphenomenalism?
In “Epiphenomenal Qualia” Frank Jackson argues against Physicalism (the thesis that all correct information is physical information) and for the existence of qualia on the grounds that all of the physical information possible cannot explain the qualitative feel of experience (qualia).
Is epiphenomenalism an Interactionist dualism?
Interactionism can be distinguished from competing dualist theories of causation, including epiphenomenalism (which admits causation, but views causation as unidirectional rather than bidirectional), and parallelism (which denies causation, while seeking to explain the semblance of causation by other means such as pre- …
Is the mind identical to the brain?
In other words, the state of mind is the same as brain processes; that mental state is the same as the physical state of the brain.
What is the Adaptationist approach?
Adaptationism is an approach to studying the evolution of form and function. It attempts to frame the existence and persistence of traits, assuming that each of them arose independently and improved the reproductive success of the organism’s ancestors.
What is the Panglossian paradox?
The Pangloss Paradox: Optimism is useful in as much as it extends the range of our reason and purposeful creative action but when used as a substitute for either it becomes a means of self deception.
What is the Adaptationist Programme according to Gould and Lewontin?
Gould and Lewontin described the adaptationist program as a framework with which researchers described the causes of particular forms and functions in animals, which those researchers conceived as collections of separate parts.
Is religion adaptive maladaptive or a spandrel?
Several evolutionary scholars have thus rejected the idea of religion as an adaptation and have argued instead for the more conservative claim that religion is a spandrel of other adaptive but nonreligious psychological machinery.
Which is an example of inclusive fitness?
Synalpheus regalis, a eusocial shrimp, also is an example of an organism whose social traits meet the inclusive fitness criterion. The larger defenders protect the young juveniles in the colony from outsiders. By ensuring the young’s survival, the genes will continue to be passed on to future generations.
What’s an example of convergent evolution?
Convergent evolution is when different organisms independently evolve similar traits. For example, sharks and dolphins look relatively similar despite being entirely unrelated.
Are exaptations rare?
Exaptations are common in both anatomy and behaviour. Interest in exaptation relates to both the process and products of evolution: the process that creates complex traits and the products (functions, anatomical structures, biochemicals, etc.) that may be imperfectly developed.
Are feathers an adaptation?
A feather is a unique adaptation. Only birds have feathers. A feather’s lightweight, durable structure is made mostly of keratins.
Is the evolution of flight considered an adaptation or exaptation or both?
Scientists generally agree that wings must have been exaptations; they were used by the ancestor for one function, and became useful for flight among the descendants (if they weren’t exaptations, then they were adaptations, which would mean that they were wings already used for powered flight; a circular argument).
What are spandrels Sims 4?
Spandrels. Spandrels are trims mostly used outside on porches. Use the empty room or deck tool to define the area and then place the spandrel at the top of the room. Spandrels can be placed above fences, but if they are used where there is a full wall, the wall will be removed.
What is a spandrel psychology?
A spandrel is a phenotypic characteristic that evolved as a side effect of a true adaptation. The term is originally from architecture, and the meaning in evolutionary biology is analogous.
What is the purpose of a spandrel?
Spandrel beams are load-bearing structural members around the perimeter of a floor of a building. Not only may they support loads from the roof and other floors, they may also help support a building’s walls.
What are window spandrels?
Spandrel glass is the opaque glass that conceals structural building components such as columns, floors, HVAC systems, vents, electrical wiring and plumbing, preventing these from being visible from the exterior of the building.
Who invented Pendentive?
The Romans were the first to experiment with pendentive domes in the 2nd-3rd century AD. They saw the supporting of a dome over an enclosed square or polygonal space as a particular architectural challenge.
What is spandrel glass?
Unlike vision glass, which is meant to be transparent, spandrel glass is designed to be opaque in order to help hide features between the floors of a building, including vents, wires, slab ends and mechanical equipment.